General Review
Null hypothesis = 'no difference exists'
Type I error = reject null hypothesis incorrectly
Type II error = accept null hypothesis incorrectly
Type III = conclusions not supported by data
Prospective cohort study = non-random assignment to treatment group
Meta-analysis is review and statistical combining of data from different studies
ANOVA is a t-test for >2 samples of quantitative data
Non-parametric studies: for qualitative data analysis
-qualitative variables a) nominal = named, eg color b) ordinal = on a scale ie pain rated 1-10
Prevalence = # of people having disease in population studied (is higher with diseases that last long time)
Incidence = # of newly diagnosed cases in a population in a certain time (usually per year)
Sensitivity = ability to detect disease = # with positive test result/# that have disease
Specificity = ability to state no disease is present = # with negative test results/# without disease
Alveolar macrophages: source of fever in atelectasis
Mitochondria: 2 membranes, TCA cycle in inner matrix
Nucleus has an outer membrane that is continous with rough ER; ribosomes are made in nucleolus, which has no membrane
Rough ER makes protein for export, smooth ER for cytoplasmic proteins
Plamsa membrane is 60% protein, 40% lipid. higher cholesterol = higher mobility of proteins
Malignant Hyperthermia due to Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Fever, tachy, rigid, acidosis.
-1st sign is increased EtCO2, Rx with dantrolene, stop operation/anesthetic, supportive
- often is not patient's 1st exposure to anesthetic agent
Diaphragm is 1st muscle to recover from paralytics (neck and face are last)
Lymphatics: no basement membrane. Loose cell to cell junction. Not present in muscle, bone, tendon, brain
Rate limiting step in cholesterol formation (in liver, steroid precursor): HMG co-A reductase
Steroid Hormones go to nucleus after binding in cytoplasm of target cell
Kreb's cycle -> 38 ATP from 1 glucose (anaerobic glycolysis -> 2 ATP and lactate)
Cytochrome p450 increased activity by anticonvulsants, coumadin, theophylline; decreased by cimetidine, INH, MAOI, disulfiram
Macula densa senses low Na/Cl, produces renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to Angiotensin II in the lung by A.C.E.
-AT II is a vasoconstrictor and increases aldosterone which keeps Na, loses K/H in urine
Renal Osteodystrophy: kidney loses Ca, keeps PO4; decreased vit D 1-hydroxylation; all -> secondary hyper PTH